Optimizing the precursor of sulfur source for hydrothermal synthesis of high performance CdS for photocatalytic hydrogen production

Although the CdS photocatalyst has been extensively investigated, a rational hydrothermal synthesis route is still required to prepare highly active CdS for H-2 evolution reaction (HER). To optimize the precursor of the sulfur source, three prevalent organic sulfur sources of thiourea (TA), thioacetamide (TAA) and l-cysteine (l-Cys) were used for hydrothermal synthesis of CdS. Their effects on the crystallographic structure, morphology, optical property, band structure, and photocatalytic HER performance of the products were then investigated systematically. The results indicated that hexagonal branched dendritic structure CdS (S-TA) could be produced in TA solution and showed the highest HER activity due to the branched 1D structure, the smallest interfacial electron transfer resistance and the most negative conduction band bottom (E-cb). Whereas in TAA, spherical CdS (S-TAA) with a mixed phase of hexagonal and cubic was obtained. The mixed phase structure and the more positive E-cb of S-TAA lead to a considerably lower HER activity than that of S-TA. Poorly crystallized hexagonal CdS nanoparticles (S-Cys) were prepared in l-Cys and showed the lowest HER performance as its E-cb is very near to H+ reduction potential. Thus, compared to T-AA and l-Cys, TA is a more suitable sulfur source for hydrothermal preparation of highly active CdS for HER.