In situ/operando synchrotron-based X-ray techniques for lithium-ion battery research

Lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology is the most attractive technology for energy storage systems in today's market. However, further improvements and optimizations are still required to solve challenges such as energy density, cycle life, and safety. Addressing these challenges in LIBs requires a fundamental understanding of the reaction mechanisms in various physical/chemical processes during LIB operation. Advanced in situ/operando synchrotron-based X-ray characterization techniques are powerful tools for providing valuable information about the complicated reaction mechanisms in LIBs. In this review, several state-of-the-art in situ/operando synchrotron-based X-ray techniques and their combination with other characterization tools for battery research are introduced. Various in situ cell configurations and practical operating tips for cell design and experimental set-ups are also discussed.