Transition to injection amongst opioid users in Iran: Implications for harm reduction

Driven by opioid use, HIV prevalence is high (15-27%) amongst injection drug users (IDU) in Iran. Harm reduction programmes are associated with a reduction in high risk injecting behaviours; however, Iran has a large number of non-injecting opioid users not immediately targeted by harm reduction programmes. The vast majority of heroin injectors tend to have a history of several years of smoking opium or heroin before transitioning to injection, and a small fraction may even start their drug career by injection of opioids, behaviours that can undermine the effectiveness of the harm reduction programmes. In this study, we have reviewed evidence on the HIV epidemic, extent and pattern of opioid use, and correlates of the transition to injection in Iran. We have concluded that harm reduction policies should also emphasize prevention of the transition to injection amongst high-risk non-injecting opioid users as an additional strategy against the spread of HIV infection in Iran. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.