The origins and conceptualizations of 'triple-loop' learning: A critical review

In the organizational learning literature a variety of concepts exists denoting some third order of organizational learning, notably that of 'triple-loop' learning. Despite this there has been no systematic, critical consideration of this concept or its origins, impeding both theoretical development and empirical research. Whilst 'triple-loop learning' has been inspired by Argyris and Schon, we establish that the term does not arise in their published work. Indeed, we argue that conceptualizations of triple-loop learning are diverse, often have little theoretical rooting, are sometimes driven by normative considerations, and lack support from empirical research. We map the major influences on these conceptualizations, including Bateson's framework of levels of learning, and offer an original theoretical contribution that distinguishes between three conceptualizations of 'triple-loop learning'. We also highlight implications for practice, and caution against the uncritical preference for 'higher levels' of learning that is sometimes discernible in the literature and in practice.