期刊
ADVANCED ENERGY MATERIALS
卷 8, 期 23, 页码 -出版社
WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH
DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201800611
关键词
additives; in situ GIWAXS; organic solar cells; polymer; spin-coating
类别
资金
- Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, an Energy Frontier Research Center - U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences [DE-SC0001059]
- U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, and Office of Basic Energy Sciences [DE-FG02-08ER46536]
- Qatar NPRP Grant [7-286-1-046]
- Northwestern University
- E.I. DuPont de Nemours Co.
- Dow Chemical Company
- National Science Foundation [0960140]
- U.S. DOE [DE-AC02-06CH11357]
To elucidate the details of film morphology/order evolution during spin-coating, solvent and additive effects are systematically investigated for three representative organic solar cell (OSC) active layer materials using combined in situ grazing incidence wide angle x-ray scattering (GIWAXS) and optical reflectance. Two archetypical semiconducting donor (p-type) polymers, P3HT and PTB7, and semiconducting donor small-molecule, p-DTS(FBTTh2)(2) are studied using three neat solvents (chloroform, chlorobenzene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene) and four processing additives (1-chloronaphthalene, diphenyl ether, 1,8-diiodooctane, and 1,6-diiodohexane). In situ GIWAXS identifies several trends: 1) for neat solvents, rapid crystallization occurs that risks kinetically locking the material into multiple crystal structures or crystalline orientations; and 2) for solvent + additive processed films, morphology evolution involves sequential transformations on timescales ranging from seconds to hours, with key divergences dependent on additive/semiconductor molecular interactions. When pi-planes dominate the additive/semiconductor interactions, both polymers and small molecule films follow similar evolutions, completing in 1-5 min. When side chains dominate the additive/semiconductor interactions, polymer film maturation times are up to 9 h, while initial crystallization times <10 s are observed for small-molecule films. This study offers guiding information on OSC donor intermediate morphologies, evolution timescales, and divergent evolutions that can inform OSC manufacture.
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