A Practicable Li/Na-Ion Hybrid Full Battery Assembled by a High-Voltage Cathode and Commercial Graphite Anode: Superior Energy Storage Performance and Working Mechanism

With the rapidly growing demand for low-cost and safe energy storage, the advanced battery concepts have triggered strong interests beyond the state-of-the-art Li-ion batteries (LIBs). Herein, a novel hybrid Li/Na-ion full battery (HLNIB) composed of the high-energy and lithium-free Na3V2(PO4)(2)O2F (NVPOF) cathode and commercial graphite anode mesophase carbon micro beads is for the first time designed. The assembled HLNIBs exhibit two high working voltage at about 4.05 and 3.69 V with a specific capacity of 112.7 mA h g(-1). Its energy density can reach up to 328 W h kg(-1) calculated from the total mass of both cathode and anode materials. Moreover, the HLNIBs show outstanding high-rate capability, long-term cycle life, and excellent low-temperature performance. In addition, the reaction kinetics and Li/Na-insertion/extraction mechanism into/out NVPOF is preliminarily investigated by the galvanostatic intermittent titration technique and ex situ X-ray diffraction. This work provides a new and profound direction to develop advanced hybrid batteries.