The folA gene from the Rickettsia endosymbiont of Ixodes pacificus encodes a functional dihydrofolate reductase enzyme

Although nonpathogenic bacterial endosymbionts have been shown to contribute to their arthropod host's fitness by supplying them with essential vitamins and amino acids, little is known about the nutritional basis for the symbiotic relationship of endosymbionts in ticks. Our lab has previously reported that Rickettsia species phylotype G021 in Ixodes pacificus carries all five genes for de novo folate synthesis, and that these genes are monophyletic with homologs from other Rickettsia species. In this study, the rickettsial folate synthesis folA gene, coding for dihydrofolate reductase, was PCR amplified, cloned into an expression vector, and overexpressed in E. coli. Bioinformatic analysis identified that the FolA protein of phylotype G021 has the conserved DHFR domain, NADP binding sites, and substrate binding sites of bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. SDS-PAGE results showed that recombinant rickettsial FolA protein was overexpressed in BL21(DE3) E. coli in its soluble form. Affinity chromatography was used to purify the protein, and in vitro enzyme assays were performed to assess the biochemical activity of dihydrofolate reductase. The specific activity of recombinant FolA from phylotype G021 was determined to be 16.1 U/mg. This study has revealed that Rickettsia species phylotype G021 of I. pacificus is capable of producing a functional enzyme of the folate biosynthesis pathway, addressing the nutritional interactions behind the symbiosis between Rickettsia species phylotype G021 and its host.