Discrimination, Bullying and Harassment in Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

BackgroundIn 2015, the public media in Australia reported a series of life stories of victims who had been subjected to inappropriate behaviors in their surgical careers, bringing the profession into disrepute. Currently, limited data are available in the medical literature on discrimination, bullying and harassment (DBH) in surgery. This significant information gap prompted a systematic review to compile relevant information about DBH in surgical practice and training, in particular, its prevalence and impact.MethodsA literature search was conducted using the MEDLINE, EMBASE and PubMed databases (May 1929-October 2017). Studies identified were appraised with standard selection criteria. Data points were extracted, and meta-analysis was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses.ResultsEight studies, comprising 5934 participants, were examined. Discrimination occurred in a pooled estimate of 22.4% [95% Confidence Interval (CI)=14.0-33.9%]. One of the papers reported the prevalence of bullying using two methods including Revised Negative Acts Questionnaire and a definition by Einarsen. Pooled estimate of incidence rate was thus 37.7% (95% CI=34.0-41.5%) and 40.3% (95% CI=34.7-46.2%), respectively. In terms of harassment, pooled prevalence was 31.2% (95% CI=10.0-65.0%).ConclusionsDBH is a significant issue in surgery. The true incidence of these issues may remain underestimated. Actions are being taken by professional bodies to create a positive culture in surgery. The effectiveness of these strategies is yet to be determined. More studies are warranted to investigate the magnitude of these issues given their psychological impact, and more importantly to monitor the effectiveness of current measures.