期刊
WORLD JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY
卷 24, 期 17, 页码 1839-1858出版社
BAISHIDENG PUBLISHING GROUP INC
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i17.1839
关键词
Natural killer T cell; Natural killer cell; Chimeric antigen receptor T cell; T cell receptor; Cytokine-induced killer cell; Program death-1; Cytotoxic lymphocyte antigen-4; Regulatory T cell; Dendritic cell; Myeloid-derived suppressor cell; PD-ligand 1; Peptide vaccine; Tumor-associated antigen; Tumor infiltrating lymphocyte
资金
- Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED) [17fk0310116h0001]
- Extramural Collaborative Research Grant of Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University
Tumor immunity proceeds through multiple processes, which consist of antigen presentation by antigen presenting cells (APCs) to educate effector cells and destruction by the effector cytotoxic cells. However, tumor immunity is frequently repressed at tumor sites. Malignantly transformed cells rarely survive the attack by the immune system, but cells that do survive change their phenotypes to reduce their immunogenicity. The resultant cells evade the attack by the immune system and form clinically discernible tumors. Tumor microenvironments simultaneously contain a wide variety of immune suppressive molecules and cells to dampen tumor immunity. Moreover, the liver microenvironment exhibits immune tolerance to reduce aberrant immune responses to massively-exposed antigens via the portal vein, and immune dysfunction is frequently associated with liver cirrhosis, which is widespread in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. Immune therapy aims to reduce tumor burden, but it is also expected to prevent non-cancerous liver lesions from progressing to HCC, because HCC develops or recurs from noncancerous liver lesions with chronic inflammatory states and/or cirrhosis and these lesions cannot be cured and/or eradicated by local and/or systemic therapies. Nevertheless, cancer immune therapy should augment specific tumor immunity by using two distinct measures: enhancing the effector cell functions such as antigen presentation capacity of APCs and tumor cell killing capacity of cytotoxic cells, and reactivating the immune system in immune-suppressive tumor microenvironments. Here, we will summarize the current status and discuss the future perspective on immune therapy for HCC.
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