期刊
WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH
卷 54, 期 8, 页码 5341-5358出版社
AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION
DOI: 10.1029/2017WR021910
关键词
reactive tracers; inert tracers; heat; field test; surface area; adsorption
资金
- U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Office of Technology Development, Geothermal Technologies Program [DE EE0006764, DE EE0006763]
- National Science Foundation's Earth Energy IGERT program
- Cornell Energy Institute
Field tests in a discrete rock fracture validated a combined inert/adsorbing tracer test method to estimate the contact area between fluids circulating through a fracture and the bulk rock matrix (i.e., flow-wetted surface area, A). Tracer tests and heat injections occurred at a mesoscale well field in Altona, NY. A subhorizontal bedding plane fracture similar to 7.6 m below ground surface connects two wells separated by 14.1 m. Recovery of the adsorbing tracer cesium was roughly 72% less than the inert tracer iodide. Using an advection-dispersion-reaction model in one-dimension, the adsorbing/inert tracer method identified substantial flow channelization. These results are consistent with Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) and thermal sensors. All characterization methods suggest circulating fluids were concentrated in a narrow, 1-2 m wide channel directly connecting the injection and production well. The inert/adsorbing tracer method identified two flow channels with areas of 28 and 80 m(2). A one-dimensional heat transport model predicted production well temperature rises 20.5 degrees C in 6 days, whereas measured temperature rise was 17.6 degrees C. For comparison, two-dimensional heat transport through a fracture of uniform aperture (i.e., homogeneous permeability) predicted roughly 670 days until production well temperature would rise 17.6 degrees C. This suggests that the use of a fracture of uniform aperture to predict heat transport may drastically overpredict the thermal performance of a geothermal system. In the context of commercial geothermal reservoirs, the results of this study suggest that combined inert/adsorbing tracer tests could predict production well thermal draw-down, leading to improved reservoir monitoring and management.
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