Cell-Autonomous Metabolic Reprogramming in Hypoxia

Molecular oxygen (O-2) is a universal electron acceptor that enables ATP synthesis through mitochondrial respiration in all metazoans. Consequently, hypoxia (low O-2) has arisen as an organizing principle for cellular evolution, metabolism, and (patho) biology, eliciting a remarkable panoply of metabolic adaptations that trigger transcriptional, translational, post-translational, and epigenetic responses to determine cellular fitness. In this review we summarize current and emerging cell-autonomous molecular mechanisms that induce hypoxic metabolic reprogramming in health and disease.