Combined extraction and microextraction techniques: Recent trends and future perspectives

The latest advancements in the analytical sample preparation indicate a trend of combining different extraction techniques with targeting an improvement in separation, cleanup, detection limits, enrichment factors, and dealing with complex matrices. This manuscript identifies mainly two groups of combined sample preparation techniques. The first group integrates conventional or enhanced extraction techniques with microextraction. The second group combines microextraction with each other. The objectives and merits of each combination are critically appraised with respect to nature of the samples, analytical figure of merits, and certain application scenarios. Green aspects of combined extraction methods are described with some examples. At the end, a brief account is provided on accomplishments, limitations, and future directions. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.