High-performance ZnO:Ga/Ag/ZnO:Ga multilayered transparent electrodes targeting large-scale perovskite solar cells

We investigated the thermal stability of multilayered transparent electrodes composed of ZnO:Ga (GZO)/Ag/GZO layers for the application of large-scale perovskite solar cell (PSC) modules, which require a post-annealing temperature of 450 degrees C. The sheet resistance and transmittance of the GZO/Ag/GZO (50 nm/12 nm/50 nm) electrodes were encouragingly improved by an annealing test with a temperature variation from 25 degrees to 450 degrees C. The optimum value of the sheet resistance was 4.48 Omega/square at an annealing temperature of 450 degrees C. By a simulation of PSC module performance, we confirmed that PSC modules with our GZO/Ag/GZO multilayered transparent electrodes (4-5 Omega/square) suffer less performance degradation compared to those with conventional FTO transparent electrodes (8-15 Omega/square).