Robotic bees for crop pollination: Why drones cannot replace biodiversity

The notion that robotic crop pollination will solve the decline in pollinators has gained wide popularity recently (Fig. 1), and in March 2018 Walmart filed a patent for autonomous robot bees. However, w present six arguments showing that this is a technically and economically inviable 'solution' at present and poses substantial ecological and moral risks: (1) despite recent advances, robotic pollination is far from being able to replace bees to pollinate crops efficiently; (2) using robots is very unlikely to be economically viable; (3) there would be unacceptably high environmental costs: (4) wider ecosystems would be damaged; (5) it would erode the values of biodiversity; and. (6) relying on robotic pollination could actually lead to major food insecurity. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.