Photocatalysis of estrone in water and wastewater: Comparison between Au-TiO2 nanocomposite and TiO2, and degradation by-products

Gold-modified TiO2 (Au-TiO2) photocatalysts were utilised for the degradation of estrone (E1), a major endocrine disrupting chemical in water and wastewater. Au-TiO2 catalysts were synthesised by a deposition-precipitation method with gold loadings of 0-8% (wt%). The Au-TiO2 nanocomposite exhibited superior activity compared to P25 TiO2 under UVA (lambda = 365 nm), cool white (lambda > 420 nm) and green (lambda = 523 nm) light emitting diodes (LEDs), for treating 1 mg l(-1) of E1. The 4 wt% Au loading was found to produce the best photocatalytic activity with a rate constant of 2.44 +/- 0.36 h(-1), compared to 0.06 +/- 0.01 h(-1) for P25 TiO2, under visible light. In total 4 by-products were identified, one from negative ionization mode (m/z = 269) and three from positive ionization mode (m/z = 287) during photocatalysis, which were also degraded with time by Au-TiO2. For different water matrices, the photodegradation rate of E1 decreased in the order: ultrapure water N synthetic wastewater approximate to wastewater effluent from membrane bio-reactor. Overall, 4 wt% Au-TiO2 demonstrated superior performance compared to P25 TiO2 in water and wastewater. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.