期刊
IEEE JOURNAL OF SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS
卷 50, 期 1, 页码 303-319出版社
IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC
DOI: 10.1109/JSSC.2014.2364270
关键词
Natural user interface (NUI); time-of-flight (TOF); quantum efficiency modulation (QEM); range imaging; 3D imaging
We introduce a 512 x 424 time-of-flight (TOF) depth image sensor designed in a TSMC 0.13 mu m LP 1P5M CMOS process, suitable for use in Microsoft Kinect for XBOX ONE. The 10 mu m x 10 mu m pixel incorporates a TOF detector that operates using the quantum efficiency modulation (QEM) technique at high modulation frequencies of up to 130 MHz, achieves a modulation contrast of 67% at 50 MHz and a responsivity of 0.14 A/W at 860 nm. The TOF sensor includes a 2 GS/s 10 bit signal path, which is used for the high ADC bandwidth requirements of the system that requires many ADC conversions per frame. The chip also comprises a clock generation circuit featuring a programmable phase and frequency clock generator with 312.5-ps phase step resolution derived from a 1.6 GHz oscillator. An integrated shutter engine and a programmable digital micro-sequencer allows an extremely flexible multi-gain/multi-shutter and multi-frequency/multi-phase operation. All chip data is transferred using two 4-lane MIPI D-PHY interfaces with a total of 8 Gb/s input/output bandwidth. The reported experimental results demonstrate a wide depth range of operation (0.8-4.2 m), small accuracy error (<1%), very low depth uncertainty (<0.5% of actual distance), and very high dynamic range (64 dB).
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