Therapeutic efficacy of specific immunotherapy for glioma: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Although different immunotherapeutic approaches have been developed for the treatment of glioma, there is a discrepancy between clinical trials limiting their approval as common treatment. So, the current systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to assess survival and clinical response of specific immunotherapy in patients with glioma. Generally, seven databases were searched to find eligible studies. Controlled clinical trials investigating the efficacy of specific immunotherapy in glioma were found eligible. After data extraction and risk of bias assessment, the data were analyzed based on the level of heterogeneity. Overall, 25 articles with 2964 patients were included. Generally, mean overall survival did not statistically improve in immunotherapy [median difference = 1.51; 95% confidence interval (CI) = -0.16-3.17; p = 0.08]; however, it was 11.16 months higher in passive immunotherapy (95% CI = 5.69-16.64; p < 0.0001). One-year overall survival was significantly higher in immunotherapy groups [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.69; 95% CI = 0.52-0.92; p = 0.01]. As the hazard rate in the immunotherapy approach was 0.83 of the control group, 2-year overall survival was significantly higher in immunotherapy (HR = 0.83; 95% CI = 0.69-0.99; p = 0.04). Three-year overall survival was significantly higher in immunotherapy as well (HR = 0.67; 95% CI = 0.48-0.92; p = 0.01). Overall, median progression-free survival was significantly higher in immunotherapy (standard median difference = 0.323; 95% CI = 0.110-0.536; p = 0.003). However, 1-year progression--free survival was not remarkably different between immunotherapy and control groups (HR = 0.94; 95% CI = 0.74-1.18; p = 0.59). Specific immunotherapy demonstrated remarkable improvement in survival of patients with glioma and could be a considerable choice of treatment in the future. Despite the current promising results, further high-quality randomized controlled trials are required to approve immunotherapeutic approaches as the standard of care and the front-line treatment for glioma.