期刊
BIOGEOSCIENCES
卷 10, 期 7, 页码 5183-5225出版社
COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH
DOI: 10.5194/bg-10-5183-2013
关键词
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资金
- Effects of Climate Change on Air Pollution Impacts and Response Strategies for European Ecosystems (ECLAIRE)
- EC [282910, FP7-ENV-2010-265148]
- COST Action [ES0804]
- project Pan-European Gas-AeroSOl-climate interaction Study (PEGASOS)
- UK National Environment Research Council and Centre for Ecology and Hydrology through National Capacity funding
- Natural Environment Research Council [ceh010023] Funding Source: researchfish
Atmospheric ammonia (NH3) dominates global emissions of total reactive nitrogen (N-r), while emissions from agricultural production systems contribute about two-thirds of global NH3 emissions; the remaining third emanates from oceans, natural vegetation, humans, wild animals and biomass burning. On land, NH3 emitted from the various sources eventually returns to the biosphere by dry deposition to sink areas, predominantly semi-natural vegetation, and by wet and dry deposition as ammonium (NH4+) to all surfaces. However, the land/atmosphere exchange of gaseous NH3 is in fact bi-directional over unfertilized as well as fertilized ecosystems, with periods and areas of emission and deposition alternating in time (diurnal, seasonal) and space (patchwork landscapes). The exchange is controlled by a range of environmental factors, including meteorology, surface layer turbulence, thermodynamics, air and surface heterogeneous-phase chemistry, canopy geometry, plant development stage, leaf age, organic matter decomposition, soil microbial turnover, and, in agricultural systems, by fertilizer application rate, fertilizer type, soil type, crop type, and agricultural management practices. We review the range of processes controlling NH3 emission and uptake in the different parts of the soil-canopy-atmosphere continuum, with NH3 emission potentials defined at the substrate and leaf levels by different [NH4+] / [H+] ratios (0).
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