期刊
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
卷 115, 期 11, 页码 2687-2692出版社
NATL ACAD SCIENCES
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1721627115
关键词
ice nucleation; clouds; Southern Ocean; mixed-phase; microphysics
资金
- NASA AMSR-E Science Team
- NASA Earth Science Making Earth Science Data Records for Use in Research Environments Program
- European Union's Seventh Framework Programme FP7 [603445]
- European Research Council [240449 ICE, 648661 MarineIce]
- University of Leeds under P.R.F.
- Natural Environment Research Council via NCAS
Large biases in climate model simulations of cloud radiative properties over the Southern Ocean cause large errors in modeled sea surface temperatures, atmospheric circulation, and climate sensitivity. Here, we combine cloud-resolving model simulations with estimates of the concentration of ice-nucleating particles in this region to show that our simulated Southern Ocean clouds reflect far more radiation than predicted by global models, in agreement with satellite observations. Specifically, we show that the clouds that are most sensitive to the concentration of ice-nucleating particles are low-level mixed-phase clouds in the cold sectors of extra-tropical cyclones, which have previously been identified as a main contributor to the Southern Ocean radiation bias. The very low ice-nucleating particle concentrations that prevail over the Southern Ocean strongly suppress cloud droplet freezing, reduce precipitation, and enhance cloud reflectivity. The results help explain why a strong radiation bias occurs mainly in this remote region away from major sources of ice-nucleating particles. The results present a substantial challenge to climate models to be able to simulate realistic ice-nucleating particle concentrations and their effects under specific meteorological conditions.
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