期刊
JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN MEMORY AND COGNITION
卷 2, 期 1, 页码 42-52出版社
ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC
DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2013.01.001
关键词
Context effects; Expectancy effects; Confirmation bias
资金
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
- Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
- Department of Defense (DoD/CTTSO/TSWG) [N41756-10-C-3382]
- Research Foundation of the City University of New York
As illustrated by the mistaken, high-profile fingerprint identification of Brandon Mayfield in the Madrid Bomber case, and consistent with a recent critique by the National Academy of Sciences (2009), it is clear that the forensic sciences are subject to contextual bias and fraught with error. In this article, we describe classic psychological research on primacy, expectancy effects, and observer effects, all of which indicate that context can taint people's perceptions, judgments, and behaviors. Then we describe recent studies indicating that confessions and other types of information can set into motion forensic confirmation biases that corrupt lay witness perceptions and memories as well as the judgments of experts in various domains of forensic science. Finally, we propose best practices that would reduce bias in the forensic laboratory as well as its influence in the courts. (C) 2013 Society for Applied Research in Memory and Cognition. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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