Lack of the Antioxidant Glutathione Peroxidase-1 (GPx1) Exacerbates Retinopathy of Prematurity in Mice

PURPOSE. Glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPx1) is highly expressed during normal retinal maturation; however, its role in retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is not fully understood. We postulated that GPx1 plays an important role in protecting the premature retina from oxidative injury in a mouse model of ROP. METHODS. ROP was induced in wild-type (WT) and GPx1 knockout (KO) mice by exposing neonatal mice to 75% oxygen from postnatal days 7 to 11, followed by 1 week of room air. Structural effects of ROP were evaluated by retinal histology, and gene expression of retinal pro-angiogenic factors was measured by qRT-PCR. RESULTS. Retinas from ROP GPx1 KO mice had a significantly larger central avascular area compared to those from ROP WT mice (P < 0.001), indicative of a more severe vaso-obliteration. In ROP GPx1 KO mice, retinas also displayed increased preretinal neovascularization (P = 0.05) with a concurrent increase in the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (P < 0.05) compared to values in ROP WT mice. Elevated oxidative stress was observed in ROP GPx1 KO retinas as evidenced by increased nitrotyrosine immunolabeling (P < 0.01) and superoxide (P < 0.05) in vessels compared to ROP WT retinas. In contrast to these findings of exacerbated retinal vascular injury in GPx1 KO mice, Muller cell gliosis and microglial density were similar in ROP GPx1 KO and ROP WT mice. CONCLUSIONS. GPx1, an important antioxidant enzyme of the premature retina, afforded protection against oxidative stress and oxidative injury in ROP. Lack of GPx1 was associated with increased oxidative stress, an increase in retinal avascular area, upregulation of retinal VEGF, and increased neovascularization in a mouse model of ROP. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013;54:555-562) DOI:10.1167/iovs.12-10685