Clinicopathological and immunohistological features in childhood IgA nephropathy: a single-centre experience

Background. IgA nephropathy is a glomerular disease diagnosed by renal biopsy and is characterized by a highly variable course ranging from a completely benign condition to rapidly progressive renal failure. We aimed to evaluate the clinical, histopathological and inflammatory characteristics of children with IgA nephropathy. Methods. Data of 37 patients with IgA nephropathy diagnosed between the years 1980 and 2008 were retrospectively reviewed. Immunohistochemistry was performed in 24 patients. Expression of CD3, CD4, CD8, CD20, CD68, IL-1 beta, IL-10, IL-17, TGF-beta, TNF-alpha and the newly proposed tubulointerstitial fibrosis marker nestin were evaluated. Results. The median age at diagnosis was 10 years. Recurrent macroscopic haematuria (66%) was the most common clinical manifestation, and 35% of the patients had synpharyngitic presentation. A significant correlation was found between proteinuria and increase in mesangial matrix (r = 0.406, P = 0.013). The presence of CD4+ T lymphocytes and CD68+ macrophages were also significantly associated with proteinuria > 1 g/day. While cytokines IL-1 beta, IL-10 and TNF-alpha were mainly expressed in tubular epithelial cells, TGF-beta was evident in glomeruli but they had no correlation to clinical features and severity of the disease. Nestin was detected at the tubules in almost half of the patients with no correlation to proteinuria and tubulointersititial fibrosis. Conclusions. We found a correlation between proteinuria and mesangial matrix expansion. The presence of CD4+ T-lymphocytes and CD68+ macrophages were also significantly associated with proteinuria > 1 g/day. Although there are many evidences, for immunological basis of IgA nephropathy, the immunological markers were not fully expressed in children to evaluate glomerular and tubulointerstitial inflammation, and progression of the disease. Further studies with the extended number of children are needed to shed light on the immunological basis of the disease.