Low-Work-Function, ITO-Free Transparent Cathodes for Inverted Polymer Solar Cells

A low-work-function, indium tin oxide (ITO)-free transparent cathode having a tin oxide (SnOx)/Ag/SnOx/ bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) (SASB) structure is developed without using annealing treatment. This represents the first time that Bi2O3 has been introduced to lower the work function of transparent electrodes. The SASB transparent cathode exhibits excellent photoelectric properties with a maximum transmittance of similar to 88%, a low sheet resistance of similar to 9.0 Omega.sq(-1), and a suitable work function of 4.22 eV that matches the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital level of the acceptor for exacting electrons efficiently. The power conversion efficiency of the polymer solar cell with the SASB electrode is 6.21%, which is comparable to that of ITO-based devices. The results indicate that SASB is a good alternative to ITO as transparent cathodes in optoelectronic devices.