Male brood provisioning rates provide evidence for inter-age competition for mates in female Cooper's Hawks Accipiter cooperii

Life history theory predicts that individuals should maximize lifetime reproductive success (LRS) by breeding as soon as they reach sexual maturity, yet many species delay breeding, either because there are insufficient available mates or breeding sites, or because delayed breeding yields higher LRS. Accipitriform species, such as Cooper's Hawk Accipiter cooperii, exhibit both delayed breeding and delayed plumage maturation. However, in certain circumstances, first-year females in non-definitive plumage do breed and apparently compete with older females for high-quality breeding territories. We predicted that these young females are at a competitive disadvantage compared with older females and that older females would have both higher reproductive success and be able to acquire higher quality nesting territories. We conducted brood counts and measured prey delivery rates by male Cooper's Hawks in an expanding urban population located in Albuquerque, New Mexico (USA), to assess our prediction. We found that older females had higher reproductive success, fledging 1.6 more offspring than younger females, and that they occupied territories where males provisioned at higher rates of 0.37 more prey items per 2-h period. Our results showed that older females fared better than first-year females but it is unclear if this is the result of passive or active competition. Older females initiated nesting 14.3days sooner than first-year females and thus may have filled vacant, high-quality territories before first-year females began seeking mates. Additionally, first-year females were never observed persistently to confront older females for breeding territories, but they did actively compete against each other. First-year females may defer to older females who, in a direct competitive interaction, would be most likely to prevail. Thus, delayed plumage maturation in Cooper's Hawks may serve to focus competition for nesting territories within age classes.