Phenotypic and Molecular Spectrum of Aicardi-Goutieres Syndrome: A Study of 24 Patients

BACKGROUND: Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome is a rare genetic neurological disorder with variable clinical manifestations. Molecular detection of specific mutations is required to confirm the diagnosis. The aim of this study was to review the clinical and molecular diagnostic findings in 24 individuals with Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome who presented during childhood in an Arab population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed the records of 24 patients from six tertiary hospitals in different Arab countries. All included patients had a molecular diagnosis of Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome. RESULTS: Six individuals with Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome (25%) had a neonatal presentation, whereas the remaining patients presented during the first year of life. Patients presented with developmental delay (24 cases, 100%); spasticity (24 cases, 100%); speech delay (23 cases, 95.8%); profound intellectual disability (21 cases, 87.5%); truncal hypotonia (21 cases, 87.5%); seizures (eighteen cases, 75%); and epileptic encephalopathy (15 cases, 62.5%). Neuroimaging showed white matter abnormalities (22 cases, 91.7%), cerebral atrophy (75%), and small, multifocal calcifications in the lentiform nuclei and deep cerebral white matter (54.2%). Homozygous mutations were identified in RNASEH2B (54.2%), RNASEH2A (20.8%), RNASEH2C (8.3%), SAMHDI (8.3%), TREX1 (4.2%), and heterozygous mutations in IFITI1 (4.2%), with c.356A>G (p.Asp119Gly) in RNASEH2B being the most frequent mutation. Three novel mutations c.987delT and c.625 + 1G>A in SAMHDI gene and c.961G>T in the IFIHIl gene were identified. CONCLUSIONS: This is the largest molecularly confirmed Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome cohort from Arabia. By presenting these clinical and molecular findings, we hope to raise awareness of Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome and to demonstrate the importance of specialist referral and molecular diagnosis.