P2X7 receptor mediates NLRP3-dependent IL-1 beta secretion and parasite proliferation in Toxoplasma gondii-infected human small intestinal epithelial cells

Background: Toxoplasma gondii can invade and replicate in all nucleated cells in a wide range of host species, and infection induces IL-1 beta production. IL-1 beta plays central roles in the stimulation of the innate immune system and inflammation. However, little is known of the innate immune responses in human fetal small intestinal epithelial cells (FHs 74 Int cells) after T. gondii infection. Methods: FHs 74 Int cells were infected with the T. gondii GFP-RH strain. Then, IL-1 beta production and its mechanisms of action were evaluated using ELISA, MTT cell viability assays, Western blotting, immunofluorescence, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and gene-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection. Results: Infection of FHs 74 Int cells by T. gondii triggered significant time-and dose-dependent IL-1 beta production. Although T. gondii activated NLRP1, NLRP3, NLRC4 and AIM2 inflammasomes in FHs 74 Int cells, NLRP3 levels were consistently and significantly time-dependently increased, while the other inflammasomes were not. Transfection with siRNA targeting NLRP3, cleaved caspase-1 (Casp-1) or ASC significantly reduced T. gondii-induced IL-1 beta production, whereas T. gondii proliferation was markedly increased. Toxoplasma gondii infection activated P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) levels in FHs 74 Int cells in a time-dependent manner; however, transfection with siRNA targeting P2X7R significantly reduced T. gondii-induced IL-1 beta secretion and substantially increased T. gondii proliferation, which is mediated by decreased protein expression levels of NLRP3, cleaved Casp-1 and ASC. Collectively, NLRP3-dependent IL-1 beta secretion is mediated by P2X7R in small intestinal epithelial cells in response to T. gondii infection, thereby controlling parasite proliferation. Conclusions: This study revealed that the P2X7R/NLRP3 pathway plays important roles in IL-1 beta secretion and inhibition of T. gondii proliferation in small intestinal epithelial cells. These results not only contribute to our understanding of the mucosal immune mechanisms of T. gondii infection but also offer new insight into the identification of innate resistance in the gut epithelium.