Rimonabant, a potent CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonist, is a Gαi/o protein inhibitor

Rimonabant is a potent and selective cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist widely used in animal and clinical studies. Besides its antagonistic properties, numerous studies have shown that, at micromolar concentrations rimonabant behaves as an inverse agonist at CB1 receptors. The mechanism underpinning this activity is unclear. Here we show that micromolar concentrations of rimonabant inhibited G alpha(i/o)-type G proteins, resulting in a receptor-independent block of G protein signaling. Accordingly, rimonabant decreased basal and agonist stimulated [S-35]GTP gamma S binding to cortical membranes of CB1- and GABA(B)-receptor KO mice and Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell membranes stably transfected with GABA(B) or D2 dopamine receptors. The structural analog of rimonabant, AM251, decreased basal and baclofen-stimulated GTP gamma S binding to rat cortical and CHO cell membranes expressing GABA(B) receptors. Rimonabant prevented G protein-mediated GABA(B) and D2 dopamine receptor signaling to adenylyl cyclase in Human Embryonic Kidney 293 cells and to G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying K+ channels (GIRK) in midbrain dopamine neurons of CB1 KO mice. Rimonabant suppressed GIRK gating induced by GTP gamma S in CHO cells transfected with GIRK, consistent with a receptor-independent action. Bioluminescent resonance energy transfer (BRET) measurements in living CHO cells showed that, in presence or absence of co-expressed GABA(B) receptors, rimonabant stabilized the heterotrimeric GG alpha(i/o)-protein complex and prevented conformational rearrangements induced by GABA(B) receptor activation. Rimonabant failed to inhibit G alpha s-mediated signaling, supporting its specificity for GG alpha(i/o)-type G proteins. The inhibition of GG alpha(i/o) protein provides a new site of rimonabant action that may help to understand its pharmacological and toxicological effects occurring at high concentrations. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.