Does nonmetastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer still exist?

After almost 20 years of negative trials of novel therapies for patients with nonmetastatic castration-resistant prostate cance (nmCRPC), two androgen receptor antagonists have shown favourable outcomes in phase III trials involving patients with high-risk nmCRPC. Herein, the history of nmCRPC and clinical trials in this disease setting are discussed and a perspective on molecular imaging and clinical management of nmCRPC is offered.