Structural dynamics probed by high-coherence electron pulses

Ultrafast measurement technology provides essential contributions to our understanding of the properties and functions of solids and nanostructures. Atomic-scale vistas with ever-growing spatial and temporal resolution are offered by methods based on short pulses of x-rays and electrons. Time-resolved electron diffraction and microscopy are among the most powerful approaches to investigate nonequilibrium structural dynamics. In this article, we discuss recent advances in ultrafast electron imaging enabled by significant improvements in the coherence of pulsed electron beams. Specifically, we review the development and first application of ultrafast low-energy electron diffraction for the study of structural dynamics at surfaces, and discuss novel opportunities for ultrafast transmission electron microscopy facilitated by laser-triggered field-emission sources. These and further developments will render coherent electron beams an essential component in future ultrafast nanoscale imaging.