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Cancer Drug Development of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors beyond the Active Site

期刊

MOLECULES
卷 23, 期 5, 页码 -

出版社

MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/molecules23051045

关键词

carbonic anhydrase IX; carbonic anhydrase XII; tumor microenvironment; estrogen receptor; coumarins; sulfonamides; monoclonal antibodies; antibody-drug conjugate; ureido-substituted benzene-sulfonamide

资金

  1. National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under University of Florida's Clinical and Translational Science Awards [TL1TR001428, UL1TR001427]
  2. National Institutes of Health [CA165284, CA165284-03S1]
  3. Cancer Biology Dissertation Award

向作者/读者索取更多资源

Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide to produce bicarbonate and a proton. Multiple CA isoforms are implicated in a range of diseases, including cancer. In solid tumors, continuously dividing cells create hypoxic conditions that eventually lead to an acidic microenvironment. Hypoxic tumor cells have different mechanisms in place to regulate and adjust the surrounding microenvironment for survival. These mechanisms include expression of CA isoform IX (CA IX) and XII (CA XII). These enzymes help maintain a physiological intracellular pH while simultaneously contributing to an acidic extracellular pH, leading to tumor cell survival. Expression of CA IX and CA XII has also been shown to promote tumor cell invasion and metastasis. This review discusses the characteristics of CA IX and CA XII, their mechanism of action, and validates their prospective use as anticancer targets. We discuss the current status of small inhibitors that target these isoforms, both classical and non-classical, and their future design in order to obtain isoform-specificity for CA IX and CA XII. Biologics, such as monoclonal antibodies, monoclonal-radionuclide conjugated chimeric antibodies, and antibody-small molecule conjugates are also discussed.

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