Deep normalized convolutional neural network for imbalanced fault classification of machinery and its understanding via visualization

Deep learning has attracted attentions in intelligent fault diagnosis of machinery because it allows a deep network to accomplish the tasks of feature learning and fault classification automatically. Among deep learning models, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are able to learn features from mechanical vibration signals and thus several studies have applied CNNs in intelligent fault diagnosis of machinery. However, these studies suffer from the following weaknesses. (1) The imbalanced distribution of machinery health conditions is not considered. (2) What CNNs have learned is not clear. Therefore, in this paper, a framework called deep normalized convolutional neural network (DNCNN) is proposed for imbalanced fault classification of machinery to overcome the first weakness. Meanwhile, neuron activation maximization (NAM) algorithm is developed to handle the second weakness. To verify the proposed methods, three bearing datasets containing single faults and compound faults are constructed with different imbalanced degrees. The classification accuracies of the three datasets demonstrate that DNCNN is able to deal with the imbalanced classification problem more effectively than the commonly used CNNs. By analyzing the kernels of the convolutional layers of DNCNN via NAM algorithm, we find that these kernels act as filters and they become complex when the layers go deeper. This result may help us understand what DNCNN has learned in intelligent fault diagnosis of machinery. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.