Stepwise pH/reduction-responsive polymeric conjugates for enhanced drug delivery to tumor

In this research, a charge-conversional polymer, poly-L-lysine-lipoic acid (PLL-LA), was prepared by dimethylmaleic anhydride (DA) modification and applied as a carrier with enhanced cell internalization and intracellular pH- and reduction-triggered doxorubicin (Dox) release. The surface charge of dimethylmaleic anhydride-poly-L-lysine-lipoic acid micelles (DA-PLL-LA) was negative at physiological pH and reversed to positive at the extracellular and intracellular pH of cancer cells. At tumor extracellular pH of 6.8, the conjugates underwent a rapid charge-reversible process with almost 80% DA cleavage within 2 h, and then endocytosed into the endo/lysosomes more rapidly than at physiological pH of 7.4. The Dox/DA-PLL-LA micelles (Dox-micelles) demonstrated a sustained drug release in vitro under physiological condition, and rapid Dox release was triggered by both extracellular pH and high-concentration reducing glutathione. The Dox-micelles also exhibited enhanced internalization at extracellular pH, rapid intracellular drug release, and improved cytotoxicity against A549 cells in vitro. Excellent tumor-penetrating efficacy was also found in A549 tumor spheroids and solid tumor slices. Moreover, the DA-PLL-LA micelles exhibited excellent tumor-targeting ability in tumor tissues and excellent antitumor efficacy and low systemic toxicity in breast tumor-bearing mice. Therefore, the DA-PLL-LA micelles demonstrated great potential for targeted and efficient drug delivery in cancer treatments.