Response of bioenergy landscape patterns and the provision of biodiversity ecosystem services associated with land-use changes in Jinghong County, Southwest China

Context Dramatic land-use change has taken place in the tropical region of southwestern China. However, quantitative evaluation of changes in landscape sustainability and the provision of biodiversity ecosystem services (BESVs) of the region has seldom been attempted. Objectives This study was designed to: (1) assess bioenergy landscape dynamics based on graph theory; (2) predict bioenergy landscape sustainability in response to land-use changes, and (3) explore the effects of land-use changes on BESVs' variation based on bioenergy modeling. Methods The PANDORA model, a bioenergy-based integrated evaluation of BESV related to landscape connectivity, was employed to analyze variations in landscape's bioenergy and BESV in Jinghong County, southwestern China. In addition, we applied this model and several indices (change extent, change rate, and growth type) to evaluate responses of bioenergy and BESV to land-use changes. Results The bioenergy and bioenergy fluxes of the regional landscape have decreased since the 1970s, while the landscape has remained sustainable with a high level of bioenergy. The BESVs overall fluctuated from $8.41 m(-2) year(-1) in the 1970s to $8.54, 7.45, and 5.71 m(-2) year(-1) in 1990, 2000, and 2010, respectively. Further, both changes in the land-use area and patterns, including change extent, change rate, and change pattern, affected the variation in BESVs. Conclusions The PANDORA model can evaluate bioenergy dynamics, sustainability, and BESV variations on the landscape scale effectively. Further, the BESV is sensitive to changes in landscape composition and pattern, and thus, increasing natural vegetation and landscape connectivity could improve provisions to conserve the landscape's biodiversity.