Neutron radiography, tomography, and diffraction of commercial lithium-ion polymer batteries

Imaging an intact, commercial battery as it cycles and wears is proved possible with neutron imaging. The wavelength range of imaging neutrons corresponds nicely with crystallographic dimensions of the electrochemically active species and the metal electrodes are relatively transparent. The time scale of charge/discharge cycling is well matched to dynamic tomography as performed with a golden ratio based projection angle ordering. The hydrogen content does create scatter which tends to blur internal structure. In this report, three neutron experiments will be described: 3D images of charged and discharged batteries were obtained with monochromatic neutrons at the FRM II reactor. 2D images (PSI) of fresh and worn batteries as a function of charge slate may show a new wear pattern. in situ neutron diffraction (SNS) of the intact battery provides more information about the concentrations of electrochemical species within the battery as a function of charge state and wear. The combination of 2D imaging, 3D imaging, and diffraction data show how neutron imaging can contribute to battery development and wear monitoring. (C) 2013 the Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.