Healthy Lifestyle and Risk of Kidney Disease Progression, Atherosclerotic Events, and Death in CKD: Findings From the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study

Background: In general populations, healthy lifestyle is associated with fewer adverse outcomes. We estimated the degree to which adherence to a healthy lifestyle decreases the risk of renal and cardiovascular events among adults with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Study Design: Prospective cohort. Setting & Participants: 3,006 adults enrolled in the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study. Predictors: 4 lifestyle factors (regular physical activity, body mass index [BMI] of 20-<25 kg/m(2), nonsmoking, and healthy diet), individually and in combination. Outcomes: CKD progression (50% decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate or end- stage renal disease), atherosclerotic events (myocardial infarction, stroke, or peripheral arterial disease), and all-cause mortality. Measurements: Multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards. Results: During a median follow-up of 4 years, we observed 726 CKD progression events, 355 atherosclerotic events, and 437 deaths. BMI $25 kg/m(2) and nonsmoking were associated with reduced risk of CKD progression (HRs of 0.75 [95% CI, 0.58-0.97] and 0.61 [95% CI, 0.45-0.82] for BMIs of 25 to <30 and $30 kg/m(2), respectively, versus 20 to <25 kg/m(2); HR for nonsmoking of 0.68 [95% CI, 0.55-0.84] compared to the current smoker reference group) and reduced risk of atherosclerotic events (HRs of 0.67 [95% CI, 0.46-0.96] for BMI of 25-<30 vs 20-<25 kg/m(2) and 0.55 [95% CI, 0.40-0.75] vs current smoker). Factors associated with reduced all-cause mortality were regular physical activity (HR, 0.64 [95% CI, 0.52-0.79] vs inactive), BMI $30 kg/m(2) (HR, 0.64 [95% CI, 0.43-0.96] vs 20-<25 kg/m(2)), and nonsmoking (HR, 0.45 [95% CI, 0.340.60] vs current smoker). BMI, 20 kg/m(2) was associated with increased all-cause mortality risk (HR, 2.11 [95% CI, 1.13-3.93] vs 20-<25 kg/m(2)). Adherence to all 4 lifestyle factors was associated with a 68% lower risk of all-cause mortality compared to adherence to no lifestyle factors (HR, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.11-0.89). Limitations: Lifestyle factors were measured only once. Conclusions: Regular physical activity, nonsmoking, and BMI $25 kg/m(2) were associated with lower risk of adverse outcomes in this cohort of individuals with CKD. (C) 2015 by the National Kidney Foundation, Inc.