Fundamental Efficiency Limit of Lead Iodide Perovskite Solar Cells

Lead halide materials have seen a recent surge of interest from the photovoltaics community following the observation of surprisingly high photovoltaic performance, with optoelectronic properties similar to GaAs. This begs the question: What is the limit for the efficiency of these materials? It has been known that under 1-sun illumination the efficiency limit of crystalline silicon is similar to 29%, despite the Shockley-Queisser (SQ) limit for its bandgap being similar to 33%: the discrepancy is due to strong Auger recombination. In this article, we show that methyl ammonium lead iodide (MAPbI(3)) likewise has a larger than expected Auger coefficient. Auger nonradiative recombination decreases the theoretical external luminescence efficiency to similar to 95% at open-circuit conditions. The Auger penalty is much reduced at the operating point where the carrier density is less, producing an oddly high fill factor of similar to 90.4%. This compensates the Auger penalty and leads to a power conversion efficiency of 30.5%, close to ideal for the MAPbI(3) bandgap.