Serial fecal calprotectin in the prediction of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm neonates

Purpose: To investigate whether serial measurements of fecal calprotectin concentrations enable us to identify infants who will develop NEC prior to development of symptoms. Methods: Prospective matched case-control study including 100 high-risk neonates. High risk includes 1) gestational age (GA) <= 30 weeks, 2) birth-weight (BW) <= 1000 g, 3) GA 30-32 weeks and BW <= 1250 g, 4) born from a mother who received indomethacin for tocolysis. We matched every NEC subject with three controls for birth weight and gestational age. Fecal calprotectin was measured twice a week from day one until five weeks after birth or until NEC development. We analyzed differences in fecal calprotectin between NEC subjects and controls in the week preceding NEC onset and course of fecal calprotectin within subjects who developed NEC. Results: Of 100 included patients, ten (median GA 27.5 weeks [24.6-29.4], BW 1010 g [775-1630]) developed NEC. The median calprotectin concentration in all samples combined was 332 mu g/g [<40-8230] pg/g feces. There were no differences between NEC subjects and controls, with a wide variation in both groups. In NEC subjects, there was no intraindividual rise in calprotectin before clinical symptoms occurred. Conclusions: There are high concentrations and wide interindividual variations in calprotectin in preterm infants during the first weeks of life. Wide intraindividual variation further precludes the serial use of fecal calprotectin in the early detection or prediction of NEC in high risk infants. (C) 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.