Spatial differentiation in stable isotope compositions of surface waters and its environmental significance in the Issyk-Kul Lake region of Central Asia

Stable isotope values of oxygen (18O) and hydrogen (2H) of surface waters were used to study the origin and environmental significances in the Issyk-Kul basin of Kyrgyzstan in Central Asia, which is the most important intermountain basin in the modern Tien Shan orogen. This study is the first analysis of hydrochemical spatial differentiation in the stable isotopes of surface waters in this watershed. 75 samples were collected from rivers, springs, lakes, rain and snow during the rainy season in July and August of 2016. Stable isotopes of O-18 and H-2 were studied for all samples, and cation ratios (Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca) were also determined for lake water samples. Stable isotope values from precipitation scattered around the Local Meteoric Water Line (determined from Urumqi Station of the global network of isotopes in precipitation (GNIP)), together with values of the Deuterium excess parameter (d) from 15.3aEuro degrees to 30.5aEuro degrees, with an average of 19.8aEuro degrees, indicating that the moisture sources are primarily from regions with low relative humidity. The delta O-18 and delta H-2 values were significantly different between the river and lake samples, indicating that regional evaporation caused the isotopic enrichment of lake water. Geospatial autocorrelation, measured by Moran's I coefficient, indicated weak spatial autocorrelation within stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen in the surface waters of the studied area, which is primarily an effect of climate during the water chemistry evolution. The cation ratios Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca in lake water samples were not correlated with the concentration of total dissolved solids, but did show correlation with stable isotopic values, which is significant for paleoenvironmental reconstruction.