Geochemical evidence for intermediate water circulation in the westernmost Mediterranean over the last 20 kyr BP and its impact on the Mediterranean Outflow

The Mediterranean Outflow (MOW) is generated by deep and intermediate waters from different basins in the Mediterranean Sea. Despite the number of studies on Mediterranean water masses, little work has been done on the source and properties of intermediate waters in the westernmost Mediterranean Sea and their links with MOW. Here we examine three marine sediment records spanning the last 20 kyr, located at key depths to trace intermediate waters along the Alboran Sea. We use a combination of redox-sensitive elements, which can serve as proxies to reconstruct variations in the water column oxygenation and the Nd isotopic composition of foraminiferal ferromanganese coatings, in order to reconstruct water mass provenance of Eastern/Westem Mediterranean waters. As measured, epsilon(Nd) < -9.2 and a low U/Th ratio during glacial periods can be attributed to the presence of Western Mediterranean Deep Water (WMDW) at the study sites. During deglaciation, higher Nd isotopic compositions and U/Th ratios point to an enhanced contribution of the modified Levantine Intermediate Water (LIW). The comparison between our data and other LIW and MOW records suggests that i) the lower branch of MOW is linked to WMDW during the glacial period, ii) the middle MOW branch follows LIW activity during deglaciation, while iii) the upper branch is more active during late Holocene, coinciding with LIW formation increase after sapropel deposits. This reconstruction has significant implications for an understanding of the MOW evolution. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.