Impacts of sodium hydroxide and sodium hypochlorite aging on polyvinylidene fluoride membranes fabricated with different methods

This study compared the effects of chemical aging on the polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes fabricated with the methods of non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) (named NIPS-PVDF) and thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) (named TIPS-PVDF). The chemical solutions of sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were chosen at the concentration of 5000 mg/L. The equivalence of 5 and 10 years was respectively selected as the time of aging. The physicochemical evolutions of membrane aging are characterized on the base of morphology analysis, chemical components, permeation ability and mechanical properties. The aging of NIPS-PVDF membrane led to the elimination of surface hydrophilic additives, while NaOH focused on the dehydrofluorination process resulting in the formation of conjugated chains of polyene on the skeleton structure. The chemical components of the surface of TIPS-PVDF membrane were removed continuously during the aging processes of both NaClO and NaOH, which was caused by the saponification of surface additives and the chain scissions of skeleton structure, but without producing any obvious conjugated chains of polyene. All the aging processes led to the increase of contact angle and the decrease of mechanical properties, and the permeability was reduced first and increased later due to the enlargement of surface membrane pores and membrane block. With the influence of membrane aging, selectivity of membrane was decreased (except coliform bacteria). At the beginning of filtration, the turbidity and particle count were at relatively high levels and declined with the filtration process. (c) 2017 The Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V.