Anti-onchocerca Metabolites from Cyperus articulatus: Isolation, In Vitro Activity and In Silico 'Drug-Likeness'

The aims of this investigation were to isolate active ingredients from the roots/rhizomes of Cyperus articulatus used as herbal medicine in Cameroon for the treatment of human onchocerciasis and to assess the efficacy of the metabolites on the Onchocerca worm. The antifilarial activity was evaluated in vitro on microfilariae (Mfs) and adult worms of the bovine derived Onchocerca ochengi, a close relative of Onchocerca volvulus. Cytotoxicity was assessed in vitro on monkey kidney epithelial cells. The structures of the active compounds were determined using spectroscopic methods and their drug-likeness evaluated using Lipinski parameters. Two secondary metabolites, AMJ1 [containing mustakone (1) as the major component] and linoleic acid or (9Z, 12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoic acid (2) were isolated. Both compounds were found to kill both the microfilariae and adult worms of O. ochengi in a dose dependent manner. The IC(50)s for AMJ1 were 15.7 mu g/mL for Mfs, 17.4 mu g/mL for adult males and 21.9 mu g/mL for adult female worms while for linoleic acid the values were, 15.7 mu g/mL for Mfs, 31.0 mu g/mL for adult males and 44.2 mu g/mL for adult females. The present report provides the first ever evidence of the anti-Onchocerca efficacy of AMJ1 and linoleic acid. Thus, these secondary metabolites may provide a lead for design and development of new antifilarial agents.