期刊
ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL
卷 791, 期 2, 页码 -出版社
IOP PUBLISHING LTD
DOI: 10.1088/0004-637X/791/2/81
关键词
galaxies: active; galaxies: individual (Circinus); galaxies: Seyfert; X-rays: galaxies
资金
- NASA [NNG08FD60C]
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- Basal-CATA [PFB-06/2007]
- CONICYT-Chile FONDECYT [1140304, 1141218, 1120061, Anillo ACT1101]
- ASI-INAF grant [I/037/12/0]
- Caltech NuSTAR subcontract [44A-1092750]
- NASA ADP grant [NNX10AC99G]
- Swiss National Science Foundation [PP00P2_138979/1]
- STFC [ST/J003697/1]
- Science and Technology Facilities Council [ST/J003697/2, ST/J003697/1] Funding Source: researchfish
- STFC [ST/J003697/2, ST/J003697/1] Funding Source: UKRI
The Circinus galaxy is one of the closest obscured active galactic nuclei (AGNs), making it an ideal target for detailed study. Combining archival Chandra and XMM-Newton data with new NuSTAR observations, we model the 2-79 keV spectrum to constrain the primary AGN continuum and to derive physical parameters for the obscuring material. Chandra's high angular resolution allows a separation of nuclear and off-nuclear galactic emission. In the off-nuclear diffuse emission, we find signatures of strong cold reflection, including high equivalent-width neutral Fe lines. This Compton-scattered off-nuclear emission amounts to 18% of the nuclear flux in the Fe line region, but becomes comparable to the nuclear emission above 30 keV. The new analysis no longer supports a prominent transmitted AGN component in the observed band. We find that the nuclear spectrum is consistent with Compton scattering by an optically thick torus, where the intrinsic spectrum is a power law of photon index Gamma = 2.2-2.4, the torus has an equatorial column density of N-H = (6-10) x 10(24) cm(-2), and the intrinsic AGN 2-10 keV luminosity is (2.3-5.1) x10(42) erg s(-1). These values place Circinus along the same relations as unobscured AGNs in accretion rate versus Gamma and L-X versus L-IR phase space. NuSTAR's high sensitivity and low background allow us to study the short timescale variability of Circinus at X-ray energies above 10 keV for the first time. The lack of detected variability favors a Compton-thick absorber, in line with the spectral fitting results.
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