期刊
JOURNAL OF CLIMATE
卷 31, 期 17, 页码 6745-6761出版社
AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0042.1
关键词
Atmosphere-ocean interaction; Climate sensitivity; Feedback; Forcing; Climate variability
资金
- U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science Biological and Environmental Research (BER) as part of the Regional and Global Climate Modeling program
- China Scholarship Council
- Discovery Program of the Natural Sciences and Engineering Council of Canada [RGPIN 418305-13]
- National Science Foundation of China [41676002, 41376009]
- DOE [DE-AC05-75RL01830]
A large set of Green's function-type experiments is performed with q-flux forcings mimicking the effects of the ocean heat uptake (OHU) to examine the global surface air temperature (SAT) sensitivities to the location of the forcing. The result of the experiments confirms the earlier notion derived from experiments with different model complexities that the global mean SAT is far more sensitive to the oceanic forcing from high latitudes than the tropics. Remarkably, no matter in which latitude the q-flux forcings are placed, the SAT response is always characterized by a feature of polar amplification, implicating that it is intrinsic to our climate system. Considerable zonal asymmetry is also present in the efficacy of the tropical OHU, with the tropical eastern Pacific being much more efficient than the Indian Ocean and tropical Atlantic in driving global SAT warming by exciting the leading neutral mode of the SAT that projects strongly onto global mean warming. Using a radiative kernel, feedback analysis is also conducted to unravel the underlying processes responsible for the spatial heterogeneity in the global OHU efficacy, the polar amplification structures, and the tropical altruism of sharing the warmth with remote latitudes. Warming altruism for a q flux at a given latitude is also investigated in terms of the ratio of the induced remote latitudes versus the directly forced local warming. It is found that the tropics are much more altruistic than higher latitudes because of the high-energy transport efficiency of the Hadley circulation.
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