Effects of inorganic mercury exposure on histological structure, antioxidant status and immune response of immune organs in yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)

Mercury (Hg) is well recognized as a highly toxic substance to fish. Nevertheless, little is known about the toxic effects of Hg on immune organs. In this study, we investigated histology, antioxidant status and immune response of the spleen and head kidney in yellow catfish following 6weeks of exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of inorganic Hg (2 and 10g l(-1) Hg2+). As expected, Hg accumulation and histological injury in both tissues were observed. Meanwhile, Hg2+ exposure induced oxidative stress, which increased antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase) activities, glutathione content, anti-hydroxyl radical capacity and the expression of genes associated with antioxidant (sod1, cat, gpx1, nrf2 and mt) and stress (hsp70) responses in dose- and tissue-specific manners. In the spleen, the mRNA levels of immune-related genes (il-1, il-8, tnf-, il-10, tgf-, lys and c3) were upregulated by Hg2+ exposure. However, in the head kidney, upregulation of tnf-, il-10 and tgf- mRNAs and downregulation of il-1 and lys expressions were observed, while transcriptions of il-8 and c3 were remarkably upregulated only in the 2g l(-1) group. Overall, our study indicated that Hg2+ exposure could result in Hg accumulation and thereby induced histological impairment, oxidative stress and immunotoxicity in immune organs of yellow catfish, but some enzymes and/or genes involved in antioxidant and immune systems would be activated to resist Hg2+-induced damage. In this study, yellow catfish were exposed to 2 and 10g l(-1) Hg2+ for 6weeks and thereafter the spleen and head kidney were sampled for analysis. Hg accumulation, histological injury, altered antioxidant enzyme activities, glutathione content, anti-hydroxyl radical capacity and transcriptions of genes involved in antioxidant and immune responses were observed, suggesting Hg2+ exposure could cause Hg accumulation and thereby induced histological impairment, oxidative stress and immunotoxicity in immune organs of fish.