Bio-oil from Jackfruit Peel Waste

Fossil fuels such as petroleum, charcoal, and natural gas sources are the main energy sources at present, but considering their natural limitation in availability and the fact that they are not renewable, there exists a growing need of developing bio-fuel production. Biomass has received considerable attention as a sustainable feedstock that can replace diminishing fossil fuels for the production of energy, especially for the transportation sector. JackfruitwasteisabundantinIndonesiamake itpotentiallyas one of thegreenrefineryfeedstockforthe manufacture ofbio-fuel. As intermediate of bio-fuel,jackfruitpeelsisprocessed intobio-oil. Pyrolysis, a thermochemical conversion process under oxygen-absent condition is an attractive way to convert biomass into biooil. In this study, the pyrolysis experiments were carried out ina fixed-bedreactor at a range of temperature of400-600 degrees C, heating rate range between 10-50 degrees C/min, and a range of nitrogen flow between 2-4litre/min. The aims of this work were to explore the effects of pyrolysis conditions and to identify the optimum condition for obtaining the highest bio-oil yield. The effect of nitrogen flow rate and heating rate on the yield of bio-oil were insignificant. The most important parameter in the bio-oil production was the temperature of the pyrolysis process. The yield of bio-oil initially increased with temperature (up to 550 degrees C) then further increase of temperature resulting in the decreased of bio-oil yield. Results showed that the highest bio-oil yield (52.6%) wasobtainedat 550 degrees C with nitrogen flow rate of 4L/min and heating rate of 50 degrees C/min. The thermal degradation of jackfruit peel was also studied using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Gas chromatography (GC-MS) was used to identify the organic fraction of bio-oil. The water content in the bio-oil product was determined by volumetric Karl-Fischer titration. The physicochemical properties of bio-oil produced from pyrolysis of jackfruit peels such as gross calorific value, pH, kinematic viscosity, density, sulfur content, ash content, pour point and flash point were determined and compared to ASTM standard of bio-oil (ASTM 7544).