期刊
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GREENHOUSE GAS CONTROL
卷 68, 期 -, 页码 236-246出版社
ELSEVIER SCI LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijggc.2017.11.019
关键词
CO2 geosequestration; Geomechanics; Ultrasonic P-waves; Resistivity; Poroelastic modelling
类别
资金
- United Kingdom's Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) [EP/K035878/1]
- Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) [NE/N016041/1 CHIMNEY]
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [EP/K035878/1] Funding Source: researchfish
- Natural Environment Research Council [bgs05017, NE/N016041/1, noc010011] Funding Source: researchfish
- EPSRC [EP/K035878/1] Funding Source: UKRI
- NERC [noc010011, bgs05017, NE/N016041/1] Funding Source: UKRI
Sleipner (North Sea) is the world's first commercial-scale carbon capture and storage (CCS) project, active since 1996, with similar to 17 million tonnes of CO2 stored. The main reservoir, Utsira Sand, constitutes an ideal host formation of exceptionally high porosity-permeability and large lateral extent. However, the extensive seismic time-lapse, gravity and electromagnetic monitoring surveys deployed at Sleipner have not been well-supported by laboratory measurements. Here, we investigate the geophysical and geomechanical response of an Utsira core sample for the first time, using controlled inflation/depletion cycles at variable CO2-to-brine fractional flow rates. Ultrasonic P-wave velocities and attenuations are measured together with electrical resistivity (converted into CO2-saturation), along with continuous axial and radial strain monitoring. Ultrasonic velocity and attenuation data were simultaneously inverted and results extrapolated to field-scale seismic-frequencies using a new rock physics theory, which combines patchy fluid distribution and squirt flow effects. It provides a velocity-saturation relationship of practical importance to CO2 plume monitoring. Furthermore, by combining ultrasonic and deformation data, we report empirical relations between pore pressure changes and geomechanical effects in the reservoir, for different saturation ranges. Our dataset complements and constrains existing geophysical monitoring surveys at Sleipner and, more generally, improves the understanding of shallow weakly-cemented sand reservoirs.
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