Assessment of intraspecies variability in fungal growth initiation of Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin B-1 production under static and changing temperature levels using different initial conidial inoculum levels

Intraspecies variability in fungal growth and mycotoxin production has important implications for food safety. Using the Sioscreen C we have examined spectrophotometrically intraspecies variability of A. flavus using 10 isolates under different environments, including temperature shifts, in terms of growth and aflatoxin B-1 (AFB(1)) production. Five high and five low AFB(1) producers were examined. The study was conducted at 5 isothermal conditions (from 15 to 37 degrees C) and 4 dynamic scenarios (between 15 and 30 degrees C). The experiments were carried out in a semisolid YES medium at 0.92 a(w) and two inoculum levels, 10(2) and 10(3) spores/mL. The Time to Detection (TTD) of growth initiation was determined and modelled as a function of temperature through a polynomial equation and the model was used to predict TTD under temperature upshifts conditions using a novel approach. The results obtained in this study have shown that a model can be developed to describe the effect of temperature upshifts on the TTD for all the studied isolates and inoculum levels. Isolate variability increased as the growth conditions became more stressful and with a lower inoculum level. Inoculum level affected the in-traspedes variability but not the repeatability of the experiments. In dynamic conditions, isolate responses depended both on the temperature shift and, predominantly, the final temperature level. AFB(1) production was highly variable among the isolates and greatly depended on temperature (optimum temperature at 30-35 degrees C) and inoculum levels, with often higher production with lower inoculum. This suggests that, from an ecological point of view, the potential isolate variability and interaction with dynamic conditions should be taken into account in developing strategies to control growth and predicting mycotoxin risks by mycotoxigenic fungi.