期刊
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
卷 47, 期 6, 页码 2005-2014出版社
OXFORD UNIV PRESS
DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyy120
关键词
Propensity score; epidemiological methods; observational study; pharmacoepidemiology; negative controls; method evaluation
资金
- National Science Foundation, Division of Information and Intelligent Systems [IIS 1251151]
- National Institutes of Health, National Library of Medicine [1F31LM012636-01]
- Paul and Daisy Soros Fellowships for New Americans
Background: Propensity score adjustment is a popular approach for confounding control in observational studies. Reliable frameworks are needed to determine relative propensity score performance in large-scale studies, and to establish optimal propensity score model selection methods. Methods: We detail a propensity score evaluation framework that includes synthetic and real-world data experiments. Our synthetic experimental design extends the 'plasmode' framework and simulates survival data under known effect sizes, and our real-world experiments use a set of negative control outcomes with presumed null effect sizes. In reproductions of two published cohort studies, we compare two propensity score estimation methods that contrast in their model selection approach: L-1-regularized regression that conducts a penalized likelihood regression, and the 'high-dimensional propensity score' (hdPS) that employs a univariate covariate screen. We evaluate methods on a range of outcome-dependent and outcome-independent metrics. Results: L-1-regularization propensity score methods achieve superior model fit, covariate balance and negative control bias reduction compared with the hdPS. Simulation results are mixed and fluctuate with simulation parameters, revealing a limitation of simulation under the proportional hazards framework. Including regularization with the hdPS reduces commonly reported non-convergence issues but has little effect on propensity score performance. Conclusions: L-1-regularization incorporates all covariates simultaneously into the propensity score model and offers propensity score performance superior to the hdPS marginal screen.
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