Assessment of mucosal healing in inflammatory bowel disease: review

Background and Aims: Mucosal healing is an important treatment end-point in inflammatory bowel disease, and achieving mucosal healing has been demonstrated to improve disease-related outcomes. Considerable uncertainty exists, however, regarding the optimal approach for the assessment of mucosal healing.Aims: to compare currently available diagnostic tools for the assessment of mucosal healing and outline the ideal approach to integrating these tools into clinical trials and clinical practice. Methods: Review article. Results: Endoscopy represents the criterion standard for the assessment of mucosal healing, and frequent endoscopic assessment is associated with a higher rate of achieving mucosal healing. The use of mucosal biopsy allows for the identification of persistent histologic disease activity, but the incremental clinical benefit of achieving histologic healing is yet to be determined. Magnetic resonance enterography has a high sensitivity for ulcer healing in endoscopically inaccessible disease activity. However, the presence of mucosal lesions cannot be reliably excluded based on this modality alone, and further small-bowel endoscopy should be considered in symptomatic patients. Video capsule endoscopy or device-assisted enteroscopy can be used, with device-assisted enteroscopy being preferred in stricturing Crohn's disease because of the risk of capsule retention or in patients in whom small-bowel malignancy is a possibility. Conclusions: Endoscopy remains the criterion standard for the assessment of mucosal healing. Several alternative diagnostic modalities have become available that can be of value in specific clinical circumstances, particularly in patients with small-bowel involvement.