Post-application temperature as a factor influencing the insecticidal activity of essential oil from Thymus vulgaris

Essential oils (EOs) have found applications in many industries, including the development and production of botanical insecticides. However, little information is available about the effect of post-application temperature on the insecticidal efficacy of EOs. This study therefore explores the effect of temperature on the insecticidal efficacy of an essential oil (EO) obtained from Thymus vulgaris and its major constituents - thymol, p-cymene and carvacrol, constituting 60.2%, 19.9% and 10.3% of the EO, respectively - in terms of acute toxicity against the larvae of Spodoptera littoralis and Culex quinquefascimus. As shown by a comparison of lethal doses, the lethal doses significantly decreased with rising temperature upon topical application of the EO against S. littoralis larvae, with LD50 at 15 degrees C and 30 degrees C estimated as 52 and 32 mu g/larva, respectively. Thymol (LD50 = 31 and 19 mu g/larva, for 15 degrees C and 30 degrees C, respectively) and carvacrol (LD50 = 73 and 41 mu g/larva, for 15 degrees C and 30 degrees C, respectively) exhibited similar effects. The opposite effect was found upon EO application to the larvae of C. quinquefasciatus, with LC50 = 19.3 and 24.4 mu g L-1 for 15 degrees C and 30 degrees C, respectively. Just like the EO, thymol and carvacrol exhibited significantly higher efficacy at the lower temperature. LC50 at 15 degrees C was estimated as 16.9 and 19.4 mu g L-1, and at 30 degrees C it was estimated as 33.9 and 27.1 mu g L-1, respectively, for thymol and carvacrol. The effect of temperature on the efficacy of p-cymene was minimal. As shown in this study, the EO from T. vulgaris exhibits a significant positive as well as negative gradient of toxicity depending on the application mode.